Are Police Worthy Of Being A Authority Essay - 1739 Words

Are Police Worthy of Being in Authority? Submitting to another s authority is something that people have always struggled with, more now than ever. It is human nature to maintain control over our lives, rather than surrender to authority. This paper will answer the question â€Å"Are police Worthy of Being in Authority?† Texts that will be used to answer this question are the books of The Bible: Romans, James and Colossians; The Haustafeln â€Å"Household Codes†, Tertullian s â€Å"de corona†, the Didache, and the definitions of authority from Merriam-Webster s dictionary. Building a base for the understanding of authority will be reviewed by asking where authority comes from, who is worthy of authority, and how we must respond to this authority. Generally speaking, unless someone has been living under a rock; it is clear that the subject of authority is exceedingly controversial in our current society. There are many ways to perceive just the word authority. Merriam-Webster dictionary defines the wor d authority as â€Å"the power to give orders or make decisions: the power or right to direct or control someone or something† and or â€Å"the confident quality of someone who knows a lot about something or who is respected or obeyed by other people.† From this we can gather a few things. First, there are three forms of authority according to Merriam-Webster dictionary; the right to authority, the power to have authority, and respect to have authority. The right to authority indicatesShow MoreRelatedNature of Authority Within the Public Services Essay1723 Words   |  7 PagesNature of Authority in the Uniformed Public Services Beth Freeman Authority is defined as the ‘power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience’. There are many different organisations that enforce discipline within the public services, which have the right to extend different levels of authority and enforce different levels of obedience within a service. 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Despite, Mayor Stephanie Rawlings ensuring that the security and civil rights of the citizens will be protected; the people of Baltimore have lost faith in those who have the authority to make significant changes within the city. Because of their distrust and constant frustration, the people within the city have decided to riot and cause havoc throughout the neighborhoods of Baltimore. The growing violence within the city ofRead MoreSmyrna Police Department And Its Productivity Essay1378 Words   |  6 Pages Smyrna Police Department and Its Productivity to Society Amina Y. Mohammed Kennesaw State University Author Note Amina Y. Mohammed, Kennesaw State University Correspondence concerning this sample paper should be addressed to Amina Y. Mohammed, Kennesaw State University, 1000 Chastain Road NW, Kennesaw Ga 30144, E-mail: amoham15@students.kennesaw.edu. Table of Contents Smyrna Police Department and Its Productivity to Society 3 Smyrna Police Department: Mission 3 Organizational Structure 4Read MoreThe Criminal Justice System Is Focused On Waging War On Crime896 Words   |  4 Pagesdetaining criminals, resolving crimes, punishing criminals, and/or rehabilitating these said criminals who break the law. One of these agencies that aid in controlling crime are local-level police departments; each state has multi-jurisdictional agencies that are responsible for social control and most authority for law enforcement resides in the local-level. Therefore, county law enforcement, such as the officer highlighted in this paper, plays a large factor in keeping communities safe through controllingRead MoreLeadership Is The Capacity Of Leadership1366 Words   |  6 Pagesa variety of methods to influence or be of influence to others. They are considered to be the visionaries and decisions makers that help sustain economic growth and promote growth in our society . The key to successful leadership is not through authority but by the use of influence. The most common way leaders influence others is through a mutual cause. Leaders and followers are drawn together by a common goal because it is only through their talents combined that they can achieve success. AnotherRead MoreThe Legal Rule Of The Court Essay1585 Words   |  7 Pagesevery problem that will arise in the court room, but all that can be done is to address the situations as they come about. According to the Merrian Webster dictionary, the exclusionary rule is a legal rule that bars unlawfully obtained evidence from being used in court proceedings (Exclusionary Rule). It prohibits the prosecutor from using illegally obtained evidence against a defendant during a trial. The exclusionary rule is a court-made rule. 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Design of Single Mode TE Mode Optical Polarizers Free Essays

Design of Single manner TE mode optical Polarizer Using Silicon Oxynitide multilayed wave guide Abstraction–A Si oxynitride ( SiON ) guided movie is used as multilayered wave guide and utilizing transportation matrix method.We propose the application of wave guide as a TE-Pass polarizer and TM-Pass polarizer holding a passband in the 3rd optical communicating window of 1550 nanometer. Polarizer is cardinal constituent for devices which require a individual polarisation for their operation. We will write a custom essay sample on Design of Single Mode TE Mode Optical Polarizers or any similar topic only for you Order Now Most of the polarizers use metal clad wave guides with proper thickness and refractile index of screen and substrate. Index Terms— Optical Polarizer, Multi-layered wave guide, TE manner, Silicon oxynitride Introduction Optical wave guide: An optical wave guide is a physical construction that guides electromagnetic moving ridges in the optical spectrum. Common types of optical wave guides include optical fiber and rectangular wave guides. To manufacture a planing machine wave guide ( Fig.1 ) , normally a movie ( refractile indeximg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.001.png") , with a screen bed ( refractile indeximg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.002.png") , is grown on a substrate ( refractile indeximg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.003.png") such thatimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.004.png"Such wave guides are known as asymmetric wave guides. For symmetric wave guide, the screen and substrate are fabricated with same stuff and the refractile indices are equal, i.e.img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.005.png". If there are more than one bed between Cover and Substrate, so such type of optical wave guides are known as Multilayer Waveguide. In a multi-layered wave guide, we have pick to manufacture as many beds as we required. We can choose the thickness of the beds and the type of the stuff harmonizing to our demand. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.006.png"/ Fig. 1 Geometry of 3-layer wave guide construction For a N-layer construction, theDefineframe receives the vacuity wavelength, the refractile index valuesns ( substrate ) , n1, †¦ , nN ( interior beds 1 to N ) , nc ( screen ) , and the thicknessest1, †¦ , tNof the interior beds. All dimensions are meant in microns. The figure illustrates the relevant geometry: img alt="Planar" geometry="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.007.png" waveguide=""/ Fig.2 Geometry of multilayer wave guide construction Multilayer wave guides are used in the execution of a assortment of optical devices including semiconducting material optical masers, modulators, wave guide polarisers, Bragg reflectors, and directional couplings. During the last 20 old ages, many efforts have been made to work out the moving ridge equation for the propagating manners in a general, lossless or lossy multilayer wave guide, in such a manner as to ease the design and optimisation of the above optical devices. TE-Pass Polarizer Silicon oxynitride ( SiON ) planar waveguide construction can be fabricated by utilizing plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition ( PECVD ) . In this technique oxidization reaction is initiated by plasma instead than utilizing external warming beginning. Other techniques are runing technique, vapour stage deposition technique but CVD technique is superior. These wave guides find assorted applications in optical communicating particularly as wavelength filter, microresonator, modulator, polarisation splitter and 2nd harmonic generator. A SiON guided movie is used as multilayered wave guide and utilizing transportation matrix method we propose the application of wave guide as a TE-Pass polarizer and TM-Pass polarizer holding a passband in the 3rd optical communicating window of 1550 nanometer. Polarizer is cardinal constituent for devices which require a individual polarisation for their operation. Most of the polarizer usage metal clad wave guides with proper thickness and refractile index of screen and substrate. Multilayer wave guides are used in the execution of a assortment of optical devices including semiconducting material optical masers, modulators, waveguide polarizer, Bragg reflectors, and directional couplings. We propose a multilayered SiON wave guide fabricated on substrate and has metalimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.008.png"as screen is shown in fig 2. The pick of SiON is made for its extremely desirable characteristics such as low interpolation loss, broad scope of refractile index tailoring and realisation of compact devices because of its low bending loss. The present constellation of optical polarizer will happen applications in incorporate optical circuits, signal processing from fiber ocular detectors and fiber gyroscopes. For the analysis of the wave guide we have used the transportation matrix preparation. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.009.png" img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.010.png" Fig.3 Geometry of multilayer wave guide construction img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.011.png"= refractile index of the screen img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.012.png"= refractile index of the movie i=1, 2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦r img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.013.png"= refractile index of the substrate img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.014.png"= thickness of the movie bed in micrometer img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.015.png"= thickness of the movie bed in micrometer Figure 1:Formulation For the computation of extension invariable and ensuing extension manner profile of multi-layered wave guide, there are following methods: – 1. Disturbance Method ( 4-layer ) 2. Newton’s Method 3. Mode-matching method ( 5-layer construction ) 4. Transfer Matrix Formulation 5. Argument Principle Method The disturbance method for a lossless 5-layer construction, for a lossy 4-layer construction, and for a metal-clad wave guide was used to find the extension invariables and the ensuing propagating manner profiles. Newton’s method was used for metal-clad wave guides where the derived function of the scattering equation can be obtained analytically. A graphical method, every bit good as formal electromagnetic analysis methods such as the mode-matching method, was besides used. The disturbance method every bit good as Newton’s method can non easy be extended to multilayer constructions, since their attack is analytic and the expression involved become cumbersome. None of the above methods can easy foretell the figure of propagating manners supported by the multilayer construction. This is a serious job since there is no manner of cognizing when to halt seeking for new propagating manners or even if the wave guide really can back up any manner at all. In fact, an extra analysis must be used to find the figure of guided manners before using the zero-searching techniques. Even if the figure of bing propagating guided manners is given, there is no verification that all the manners will be found. All the above mentioned methods have serious jobs in turn uping closely spaced roots. Furthermore, all of them need an initial estimate near to the existent nothing. This initial estimation may be hard to happen, particularly for high-loss propagating manners where the popular disturbance method does non use. The method which we are utilizing, is based on complex figure theory. It is capable of happening the nothing or poles of any analytic map in the com plex plane. The scattering equation of a general multilayer wave guide is formed via the construct of thin-film transfer-matrix theory. After its uniqueness points are observed, the complex plane is divided into parts where the scattering equation is analytic, and all the zeros inside each part are found. In add-on, the method provides the figure of nothing or poles in each part. The transfer-matrix analysis provides an easy preparation of the multilayer construction job. The method will be presented for TE manners but the extension to TM manners is straightforward. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.016.png"/ Fig.4 TE-Pass Polarizer A multilayer nonmagnetic slab wave guide construction(  µ= µO) ,is shown in Fig. 2. The refractile index,img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.017.png",of the IThursdaybed can be complex in general, i.e. ,img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.018.png",whereimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.019.png",is the extinction coefficient of the IThursdaybed and I = 1.. . ..randRis the layer figure. For aTelluriummanner propagating in the+img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.020.png"way in the IThursdaybed, (tenI? x ? xi+1) , the electric field isimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.021.png",and the magnetic field in the same bed isimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.022.png"whereimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestor e/essays/1498805.023.png"are the unit vectors in theten, Y, omegaway, severally,img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.024.png"is the radian frequence, andimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.025.png"is the complex extension invariable withimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.026.png"andimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.027.png"the stage and the fading invariables severally 2.1TE Mode A multilayer nonmagnetic slab wave guide construction(  µ= µO) ,is shown in Fig. 3. The refractile index,img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.017.png",of the IThursdaybed can be complex in general, i.e. ,img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.018.png",whereimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.019.png",is the extinction coefficient of the IThursdaybed and I = 1.. . ..randRis the layer figure. For aTelluriummanner propagating in the+img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.020.png"way in the IThursdaybed, (tenI? x ? xi+1) , the electric field isimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.021.png",and the magnetic field in the same bed isimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.022.png"whereimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestor e/essays/1498805.023.png"are the unit vectors in theten, Y, omegaway, severally,img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.024.png"is the radian frequence, andimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.025.png"is the complex extension invariable withimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.026.png"andimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.027.png"the stage and the fading invariables severally By utilizing Maxwell’s differential equations, we get img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.028.png" img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.029.png"/ For TE manner, img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.030.png"= 0, merelyimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.031.png"constituents will show. So by work outing above two Maxwell’s equations, we getimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.032.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.033.png"( 1 ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.034.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.035.png"( 2 ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.036.png"( 3 ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.037.png"( 6 ) whereimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.038.png"is the freespace permittivity,img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.039.png"andimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.040.png", c is the velocity of the visible radiation in the freespace andimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.041.png"is the freespace wavelength. The electric and magnetic The Electric and Magnetic digressive Fieldss within the IThursdaybed are solutions of above equation, and can be written as img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.042.png"= AIimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.043.png"+ BIimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.044.png"( 7 a ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.045.png"=jimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.046.png"( 7 B ) When we apply boundary status atimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.047.png"=img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.048.png"in equations ( 7 a ) and ( 7 B ) , so we will acquire img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.049.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.050.png"( 8 ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.051.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.052.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.053.png"=cos [img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.054.png"]img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.055.png"+img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.056.png"( 10 a ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.057.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.058.png"( 10 B ) Adding equation ( 10 a ) and ( 10 B ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.059.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.060.png"( 11 ) Using the continuity of the digressive Fieldss at any layer interface in the multilayer construction, the Fieldss digressive to the boundaries at the top of the substrate bedimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.061.png",img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.062.png"and at the underside of the screen bedimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.063.png",img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.064.png", are related via the matrix merchandise img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.065.png"/ =[img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.066.png"( 12 ) Where img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.067.png"for one = 1,2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. , R( 13 ) Are the transportation matrices for all of theRbeds holding thicknessimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.068.png". For propagating manners, the digressive Fieldss at the boundaries must be exponentially disintegrating holding the signifier img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.070.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.069.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.071.png"( 14 ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.072.png"/ And img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.074.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.073.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.075.png"( 15 ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.076.png" Whereimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.077.png",img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.078.png"/ From equation ( 12 ) , we get img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.079.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.080.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.081.png" img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.082.png"/ The extinction ratio ( PER ) is defined as the ratio of power staying ( at the end product terminal ) in theimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.083.png"manner (img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.084.png") to the power staying ( at the end product terminal ) in theimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.085.png"manner (img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.086.png") , expressed in dBs. In add-on, the interpolation loss ( PIL ) is defined as the power loss associated with theimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.083.png"manner. Frankincense: PER= 10img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.087.png"/ PER=img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.083.png"Loss in dubnium?img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.085.png"Loss in dubnium PIL= 10img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.088.png"(img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.084.png") PIL=img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.083.png"Loss in dubnium The above equations assume that the inputimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.089.png"manner has unit power at the input terminal of the polarizer. In order to hold a good TE-pass polarizer, we require the power staying in the desiredimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.090.png"manner at the end product terminal of the polarizer to be every bit high as possible. Hence a low value of PIL is desirable. The effectivity of the polarizer in know aparting against the transition of theimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.090.png"mode comparative to theimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.089.png"manner is measured by the PER parametric quantity. Therefore, this parametric quantity should be every bit high as possible. Hence, we require a high PER and at the same time a low PIL. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.091.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.092.png"/ Figure 5.1: Effective index w.r.t.normalized movie Figure 5.2: Loss w.r.t.normalized movie bed img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.093.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1498805.094.png"/ Fig. 5.3: Effective index w.r.t.normalized movie bed Fig. 5.4: Loss w.r.t.normalized movie bed Decision First of wholly, we have checked the map of TE manner by utilizing transportation matrix method [ 2 ] . The value of stage changeless and fading invariable for 6-layer Lossy Dielectric Waveguide are available. The available informations were calculated by the method of Argument Principle ( APM ) . Transportation Matrix method has been used to analyze a four superimposed waveguide dwelling of SiON as guiding movie. On this footing, we have designed TE base on balls polarizer. The scope of SiON movie thickness was estimated so that merely the cardinal pervert TE0is supported. The computations showed that in the thickness scope of 0.7 µm -2.2  µm of SiON, the wave guide supports merely TE0manner. In TE manner base on balls polarizer, the loss of TE manner is in the scope of 0.2 – 2.5 dB/cm and for TM mode its scope is 40 – 45 dB/cm, which rather higher in comparing to TE manner. So in this type of constellation of four bed wave guide, merely TE manner will go through. Mentions [ 1 ] Vishnu Priye, Bishnu P.Pal, and K.Thyagarajan, â€Å" Analysis and Design of a Novel Leaky YIG Film Guided Wave Optical Isolator, †J. Lightwave Technol. , vol. 16, No.2, February 1998 [ 2 ] Anemogiannis and E.N.Glytis, â€Å"Multilayer waveguides: Efficient numerical analysis of general constructions, †J. Lightwave Technol. , vol. 10, pp. 1344-1351, 1992 [ 3 ] M.Ajmal Khan and Hussain A. Jamid, â€Å" TE/TM Pass Guided Wave Optical Polarizer† , IEEETEM2003 [ 4 ] H.Kogelnik, Theory of Optical Waveguides in Guided-wave Optoelectronics, T. Tamir, Ed. New York: Springer-verlag, 1988 [ 5 ] AJOY K. GHATAK, K. THYAGARAJAN, AND M. R. SHENOY Numerical Analysis of Planar Optical Waveguides Using Matrix Approach [ 6 ] Ajoy Ghatak and K.Thyagarajan, â€Å" Optical Electronics’’ , Cambridge University Press [ 7 ] Joseph A Edminister and Vishnu Priye, â€Å"Electromagnetics Schaum’s Outline, Tata MacGraw Education Private Limited† How to cite Design of Single Mode TE Mode Optical Polarizers, Essay examples

Ethical Dilemma Nursing Ethics

Question: Discuss about the Ethical Dilemma for Nursing Ethics. Answer: Introduction: Every nurse has to go through ethical dilemma which is a leading problem in nursing field. Often in various situations a nurse might get into confusion between two conditions which might seem morally correct for treatment of a patient in distress. Especially in case of a patient demanding for resuscitated taking the correct decision to proceed with the course of activities often becomes difficult. Various factors come into play that creates ethical issues. In the provided case study, one can find a very pathetic case of the death of an old lady named Elsie due to cardiac arrest. The various stakeholders involved in this case are the nurse manager, the registered nurse on duty on that day when the patient died and the paramedics. The discussion of the topic would mainly consider the role of the registered nurse as well as that of the paramedics who attended her that day. In the case there has been a massive conflict between the dignity of the patient as well as the ethical decision that the ACD (Advanced Care Directive) authority undertook. In this case, it is seen that the dignity of the patient was entirely overlooked by the nurse on duty that day. Elsie was an extremely weak old lady who had already faced an acute myocardial infarction earlier. She never wanted to go through strenuous treatments as she believed that it could be painful and would make her uncomfortable. By the word dignity in healthcare one can certainly ascertain the various aspects that the patients possess and should be clearly respected by the nurse on duty. Caring for a nurse does not only involve guiding medical treatments and taking care of her so as to relieve her stress. The duty of a nurse mainly includes providing respect and dignity to the patient showcasing medical knowledge that can better the health of the patient as well as make them feel cared for (Gastmans, 2013). Providing dignity therefore makes the patient feel comfortable, peaceful as well as important in the sense that she has been given value as human being. This would include fulfilling the wishes of the patient as well as carrying out the wishes that would not harm her physically and mentally. When the activity of the nurse contains actions that harm the dignity of a patient, the patient might feel depressed, humiliated and even embarrassed (McSherry, 2016). The priority should remain irrespective of the capability whether the patient is able to express or not. It happens a lot of time that a person might become tensed or vulnerable after ailment. In that case, respecting the dignity of the patient is the sole duty of the nurse. However, in case of Elsie it can be said that her digni ty was not handled properly by the Registered Nurse and also the paramedics. In spite of her unwillingness to be transferred to a hospital she was not paid importance to. Moreover, she had already mentioned earlier that she should not have been resuscitated if a serious condition would arise. This request was not carried out from the part of the registered nurses and the paramedics. Such a response from the part of the nurse was a complete breach of the criteria of nursing and healthcare. Their primary activity should have been to provide utmost care to the request of the patient and perform accordingly. This case is the exact condition where perfect ethical models would help the governing nurse on duty. In certain cases ethical dilemma forms the main concern that prevents the nurse from the proper course of activity (Jhonstone, 2015). In this situation she needs to follow the ethical system models that would help her to be strong under trying situations and come out with decisions that would be beneficial for both the patient and the nurse and would keep her in a safe side. A nurses main motive would be to listen and perform according to the patient but marinating her ethics at the same time for the betterment of the patient (Butts Richs, 2012). There may be many cases, where the decisions taken by the patients or their family might not be suitable for the wellbeing of the patients and might become the reason for their death. In such a situation, the nurse should only have the authority to make the family members or the patient understand the side effects and the negative aspects of the decisions taken by them. She may suggest ways that the family should follow in order to cure their patient and make her happy and healthy. However, if the patients or their families are forcing to perform activities that would go against the health of the patient, then the nurses job would be to respect the decision and perform accordingly (Maurer Smith, 2013). Herein she may face an ethical dilemma where her knowledge would clash with the task that she had to perform that would be entirely against her will. This situation would be judged and handled with care on the basis of evidence based practice and would increase her experience of dealing with such incidences in her nursing career. In case of Elsie, it is seen that the nurse faced an ethical dilemma when she faced such a critical condition where she could not decide what she had to do. Her inner-self guided her to be more caring towards the patients health than her dignity. In order to not involve herself in a legal issue where the ACD form was not submitted she went with the decision that she thought might save her patients life from death. However, her ethical dilemma made her lose the life of the patient and made her solely responsible along with the paramedics for the occurence. The nurse and the paramedics should have considered the patients wishes and requests when she had already mentioned to leave her in the condition she was, as she did not want herself to be more stressed in that situation and wanted her life to end that way. Herein, the nurses and the paramedics role was therefore questioned as they tried to save the life of the patient by taking the best decision which otherwise would have proved successful if luck would have been favored. So the right of the nurses should be restricted to their own decision making and thinking for the patients betterment and should not impose them over the wish and demands of the patient. The main principles that a nursing professional should follow are Respect for Autonomy, the quality to do no harm (non- maleficience), to do good (beneficience), fairness, truthfulness and justice (Corey et al., 2014). These are the principles that a nurse should follow when she faces an urgent situation where her single decision would alter a course of activities, which will have an impact on patients. Before a nurse instructs her patient she should have to formulate her decisions so that it can match the four principals without harming the patients (Parahoo, 2014). As Elsie wanted not to be shifted to hospitals (Respect for Autonomy), the nurse for her wellbeing (beneficience) should not have arranged for ambulances (non- maleficience) and should have been truthful to her and thereby showing justice to her wish and demands. Apart from the four principles that a nursing professional would follow strictly during the maintenance of the health of the patient, one has to always remember that nursing which is the other name of humanity might not always be as strict as following the principles. In order to simplify the statement one can say that following the four principles always does not yield a satisfactory result. In certain cases, virtue ethics are necessary to treat dilemmas that are quite sensitive and require experience to handle (Putman, 2012). Virtue ethics can be simplified as the attitudes that a nurse may exhibit in order to deal with a situation that is much emotional and might not follow a regular path of treatment. Certain cases the nurses reasoning capability and her knowledge of medical treatment might not find a solution that can justify a patients attitude and wishes of her health. These decisions might be harmful even leading to death. She should never judge the value of the patients exis tence and reason of decision based on her own experience of life and happiness (Doherty Purtilo, 2015). She should deal with it on the basis of moral virtues of ethics such as compassion, honesty and many others to understand the exact condition of the patients life which is forcing her to end her life (Newham, 2015). In Elsies case, it can be noted that the nurses end minute decisions were not at all based on virtue ethics for she failed to incorporate some of the key factors. She should have considered these key factors of virtues for proper evaluation of the patients decision and her state of mind where she applied the moral principles that should not have been done. The first virtue should have been taking CARE of the fact that why the patient is not wanting to survive and the emotional condition she is going through to understand the turmoil inside of her. The second would have been RESPECT and INTEGRITY that is the nurse should have respected Elsies decision for trying to tell her own decision in spite of having acute pain in the chest. Integrity means that she should have had entire trust on the patient for her decision and should have been integrated on the patient- nurse relationship showing her trust for the decision taken by Elsie. The third virtue should have been her COURAGE that woul d have helped her to take a responsible action for the demand of the patient and make up herself for the task thereby assigned to her that is leaving her in the condition she wanted to be in. The last should have been the proper reasoning of the entire episode. This should include an entire evaluation of the mental as well as the physical and mental inputs that she had to give in order to carry out the wish of the patient and understand the importance of the entire situation that Elsie was in through a proper reasoning. If one judges the situation, entirely based on codes of conduct with respect to ethics in nursing profession a similar scenario can again be observed. The codes of conduct in nursing professional mainly help in guiding a nurse or a midwife in her professional life with the correct quality assistance and acts as guidance of the day-to-day activities that a nurse performs (Cannaerts et al., 2014) . It mainly covers five important aspects of the nursing practice that mainly consists of respecting the dignity of the person, professional responsibility and accountability, maintain confidentiality and trust as well as being engaged into collaborations (Davis, 2013). While the last two codes are not applicable in Elsies case but the first three were not maintained properly by the nurse on duty. The RN did not maintain maintenance of dignity of the patient. Moreover, she did not exhibit enough professional responsibility by not maintaining the patients pleas and comfort. This even affected h er quality of work as she got entangled in ethical dilemma and could not take a correct decision. Therefore, the nurse failed to maintain the ethical conduct expected from her, resulting in becoming the person accountable for the entire incident. In order to describe the entire complications that are involved in the mentioned case, first two important conflicting ideas have to be enlightened in this case. The Euthanasia Laws Act 1997 has taken the power of the states to legalize euthanasia in every corners of Australia, which mainly nullified the Rights to terminally ill Act of 1995, which had legalized euthanasia (Humanrights.gov.au, 2016). Though Euthanasia was not legalized but this act has left a hole in the decisions taken in case of passive voluntary euthanasia (Humanrights.gov.au, 2016). A person who is not demanding the nurse to assist her for death by providing medication but requesting to stop her life supports are to be listened because she is not directly participating in voluntary euthanasia (Shields et al., 2015). However, if this had been the case, she did not ask the nurse to help her provide with medications that would bring her death. If that would have been a case, then the nurse could have been penalized a nd a legal procedure should have been considered. However in case of Elsie , she asked the nurse and the paramedics to leave her as she was, without asking any treatment for death. This would not have caused any legal issue if the nurse would have conducted it. Again, the nurse faced ethical dilemma because her prior principal should be saving a life of a patient and provide her with utmost care. Therefore, ethical dilemmas often gets associated with issues concerning legal complications and therefore each and every aspects of ethical issues should be entirely ascertained by the nurses before taking it as a profession. While deciding the course of treatment for a patient who has already informed for resuscitation is very difficult and the nurse has to be knowledgeable about the every aspect associated in such a case. She should be well informed about the dignity and the rights of all the stakeholders, the various principles and the legal complicacies so that a correct decision might be taken by them that would avoid any confusion and correct ethics. A nurse with proper education on ethics and correct evidence based practices would be calm and composed and would have the ability to take an apt decision, which would be fruitful for the nurses as well as the patient (Vezina et al., 2014). References: Aph.gov.au. (2016). Euthanasia - the Australian Law in an International Context Parliament of Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/RP9697/97rp3 [Accessed 30 Sep. 2016]. Butts, J. B., Rich, K. L. (2012).Nursing ethics. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Cannaerts, N., Gastmans, C., de Casterl, B. D. (2014). Contribution of ethics education to the ethical competence of nursing students Educators and students perceptions.Nursing ethics,21(8), 861-878 Corey, G., Corey, M. S., Corey, C., Callanan, P. (2014).Issues and Ethics in the Helping Professions with 2014 ACA Codes. Nelson Education. Davis, M. (2013). Codes of Ethics.The International Encyclopedia of Ethics. Doherty, R. F., Purtilo, R. B. (2015).Ethical dimensions in the health professions. Elsevier Health Sciences. Gastmans, C. (2013). Dignity-enhancing nursing care A foundational ethical framework.Nursing Ethics,20(2), 142-149. Humanrights.gov.au. (2016). Euthanasia, human rights and the law | Australian Human Rights Commission. [online] Available at: https://www.humanrights.gov.au/our-work/age-discrimination/publications/euthanasia-human-rights-and-law [Accessed 30 Sep. 2016]. Johnstone, M. J. (2015).Bioethics: a nursing perspective. Elsevier Health Sciences Maurer, F. A., Smith, C. M. (2013).Community/public health nursing practice: Health for families and populations. Elsevier Health Sciences McSherry, W. (2016). Reintegrating spirituality and dignity in nursing and healthcare: a relational model of practice.Stories of Dignity within Healthcare: Research, narratives and theories. Newham, R. A. (2015). Virtue ethics and nursing: on what grounds?.Nursing Philosophy,16(1), 40-50. Parahoo, K. (2014).Nursing research: principles, process and issues. Palgrave Macmillan. Putman, D. A. (2012). A reply to Scepticism about the virtue ethics approach to nursing ethics by Stephen Holland: the relevance of virtue in nursing ethics.Nursing Philosophy,13(2), 142-145. Shields, L., Hartin, P., Shields, K., Benedict, S. (2015). Teaching the Holocaust in Nursing and Medical Education in Australia.Working Papers in the Health Sciences,1(12 Vzina-Im, L. A., Lavoie, M., Krol, P., Olivier-DAvignon, M. (2014). Motivations of physicians and nurses to practice voluntary euthanasia: a systematic review.BMC palliative care,13(1), 1.